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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3135 Definition Familial Scheuermann disease is characterized by kyphotic deformity of the spine that develops in adolescence. The spinal deformity includes irregularities of the vertebral endplates, the presence of Schmorl’s nodes, disk-space narrowing, and vertebral…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1110 Definition A developmental anomaly characterized at birth by the presence of right-sided aortic arch, craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, asymmetric, facial bones, broad forehead, borderline hypertelorism, nasal septum deviation, large nasal cavity, large, posteriorly rotated ears,…

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Progestogen hypersensitivity causes a skin reaction that typically occurs during a woman’s menstrual cycle. Symptoms usually begin 3-10 days before a woman’s period and go away when her period is over. Skin symptoms may include rash, swelling, itching, hives, and red, flaky patches. More severe symptoms can include open sores, wheezing, and an asthma-like reaction. Progestogen hypersensitivity…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 101097 Definition A severe, early-onset form of axonal CMT peripheral sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Epidemiology ARCMT2K was originally described in three Spanish families and has since been described in five additional Spanish kindreds, as well as in…

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a condition characterized by abnormal development or growth of cells in the walls of blood vessels (arteries) that can cause the vessels to narrow. The carotid arteries, which pass through the neck and supply blood to the brain, are commonly affected. Arteries within the brain and kidneys can also be affected….

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Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is an inherited disorder of protein metabolism characterized by progressive vision loss. Symptoms such as nearsightedness (myopia), difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness), and loss of side (peripheral) vision develop during childhood. Over time, the field of vision progressively narrows, resulting in tunnel vision. Cataracts may also develop….

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down (hemolysis) when the body is exposed to certain foods, drugs, infections or stress. It occurs when a person is missing or has low levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme helps red blood cells work properly. Symptoms during…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 85297 Definition X-linked spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 is a form of spinocerebellar degeneration characterized by onset in infancy of hypotonia, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, developmental delay, esotropia, and optic atrophy, and by a progressive course leading…

Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS) is a rare disorder that affects vision and also causes an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). People with this condition are unable to move their eyes side-to-side (horizontally) and must turn their head instead of moving their eyes to track moving objects. Scoliosis develops in infancy or…

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Phocomelia is a rare birth defect that can affect the upper and/or lower limbs. In people with this condition, the bones of the affected limb are either missing or underdeveloped. The limb is, therefore, extremely shortened and in severe cases, the hand or foot may be attached directly to the trunk. The involvement of the…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2790 Definition Worth type autosomal dominant osteosclerosis is a sclerozing bone disorder characterized by generalized skeletal densification, particularly of the cranial vault and tubular long bones, which is not associated to an increased risk of…

Lactate dehydrogenase A deficiency is a condition that affects how the body breaks down sugar to use as energy in muscle cells. People with this condition experience fatigue, muscle pain, and cramps during exercise (exercise intolerance). In some people, high-intensity exercise or other strenuous activity leads to the breakdown of muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis), which can lead to myoglobinuria…

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency) characterized by recurrent infections, neurologic symptoms, and autoimmune disorders. PNP deficiency causes a shortage of white blood cells, called T-cells, that help fight infection. Some people with this condition develop neurologic symptoms, such as stiff or rigid muscles (spasticity), uncoordinated movements (ataxia), developmental delay, and intellectual…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1366 Definition Autosomal recessive palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and congenital alopecia (PPK-CA) is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by congenital alopecia and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. It is usually associated with cataracts, progressive sclerodactyly and pseudo-ainhum. Epidemiology To…

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Osteomesopyknosis is a bone disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone (osteosclerosis). It is generally limited to the axial spine, pelvis, and proximal part of the long bones, which is what distinguishes this condition from other sclerosing bone disorders. It is usually diagnosed incidentally in young adults complaining of back pain. Osteomesopyknosis is inherited in…

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Prader-Willi habitus, osteopenia, and camptodactyly syndrome is characterized by intellectual disability, short stature, obesity, genital abnormalities, and hand and/or toe contractures. It has only been described in two brothers and in one isolated case in a different family. Other symptoms included unusual face, deformity of the spinal column, osteoporosis and a history of frequent fractures….

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1229 Definition Congenital intrauterine infection-like syndrome is characterised by the presence of microcephaly and intracranial calcifications at birth accompanied by neurological delay, seizures and a clinical course similar to that seen in patients after intrauterine…

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a lung disease characterized by widening of arteries and veins (dilatation) in the lungs in people who have chronic liver disease. Because of the dilated vases, the workload of the heart increases and the blood pumped to the body does not have enough oxygen, leading to a decreased level of oxygen…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2590 Definition Spinal muscular atrophy-progressive myoclonic epilepsy syndrome is characterized by hereditary myoclonus and progressive distal muscular atrophy. Less than 10 cases have been reported. Treatment with clonazepam results in complete and lasting improvement of…

PURA syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by mild to moderate developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual disability, seizures and seizure-like movements, low muscle tone (hypotonia), feeding difficulties, and breathing problems. Additional signs and symptoms may include autism; excessive drowsiness; difficulty controlling body temperature; heart, gastrointestinal, eye and hormonal problems; skeletal problems such as an abnormal curvature of the spine…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3283 Definition His bundle tachycardia is a very rare congenital genetic tachyarrhythmia characterized by incessant tachycardia and high morbidity and mortality. Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources.

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3085 Definition Retinitis pigmentosa intellectual disability deafness hypogenitalism is an extremely rare syndromic retinitis pigmentosa characterized by pigmentary retinopathy, diabetes mellitus with hyperinsulinism, acanthosis nigricans, secondary cataracts, neurogenic deafness, short stature mild hypogonadism in males…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1368 Definition Cataractataxia-deafness syndrome is characterised by mild intellectual deficit, congenital cataract, progressive sensorineural deafness and ataxia. It has been described in two sisters. The inheritance is likely to be autosomal recessive. Visit the Orphanet…

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Richter syndrome is a rare condition in which chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) changes into a fast-growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms of Richter syndrome can include fever, loss of weight and muscle mass, abdominal pain, and enlargement of the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Laboratory results may show anemia and low platelet counts (which can lead to easy bleeding…

Benign mesonephroma (Wolffian tumors or Wolffian duct adenomas) are rare tumors located anywhere along the length between the ovary and vagina in sites of remnant wolffian ducts. Wolffian ducts are structures in a developing embryo that get incorporated into the reproductive system in males and degenerate in females. Wolffian tumors are thought to have a…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 98763 Definition Spinocerebellar ataxia type 14 (SCA14) is a rare mild subtype of type I autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA type I; see this term). It is characterized by slowly progressive ataxia, dysarthria and nystagmus….

Borjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS) is a genetic condition characterized by intellectual disability, obesity, seizures, hypogonadism, developmental delay and distinctive facial features. These symptoms are variable, even among members of the same family. BFLS is caused by mutations in the PHF6 gene on the X chromosome. This mutation is usually transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait, which means the disorder…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3134 Definition SCARF syndrome is characterised by the association of skeletal abnormalities, cutis laxa, craniostenosis, ambiguous genitalia, psychomotor retardation and facial abnormalities. So far, it has been described in two males (maternal first cousins). The…

X-linked periventricular heterotopia or FLNA-related periventricular nodular heterotopia is a genetic disorder in which nerve cells in the brain do not migrate properly during early fetal development (a neuronal migration disorder). It is characterized by the presence of clumps of neurons near the brain’s ventricles. Most people with this disorder are female, as it can be lethal in males. Symptoms typically…

Portal hypertension is abnormally high blood pressure in branches of the portal vein, the large vein that brings blood from the intestine to the liver. Portal hypertension itself does not cause symptoms, but complications from the condition can lead to an enlarged abdomen, abdominal discomfort, confusion, drowsiness and internal bleeding. It may be caused by a variety…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 842 Definition Testicular seminomatous germ cell tumor is a rare testicular germ cell tumor (see this term), most commonly presenting with a painless mass in the scrotum, with a very high cure rate if caught…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2617 Definition A rare, genetic multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by severe short stature and craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, narrow face with flat cheeks, ptosis, prominent nose with a convex ridge, low-set ears with small or…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 88621 Definition Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome is a rare, syndromic congenital ichthyosis characterized by premature birth (at gestational weeks 30-32, in general) in addition to thick, caseous and desquamating epidermis, neonatal respiratory asphyxia, and persistent eosinophilia….

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Blount disease is a growth disorder of the shin bone (tibia) characterized by inward turning of the lower leg (bowing) that slowly worsens over time. While it is not uncommon for young children to have bowed legs, typically the bowing improves with age.[1][2] There are two types of Blount disease (early-onset and late-onset), based on…

Infantile cerebellar retinal degeneration (ICRD) is a genetic condition present from birth (congenital) that involves the brain and eyes.[1][2] Individuals with this condition usually develop symptoms around six months of age including developmental delays, low muscle tone (hypotonia), and seizures. Other symptoms may include head bobbing, abnormal muscle twitching and movement, and loss of brain cells…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 319552 Definition Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) due to complete interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 (IL12RB1) deficiency is a genetic variant of MSMD (see this term) characterized by mild bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infections and recurrent…

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Infectious arthritis is joint pain, soreness, stiffness and swelling caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection that spreads from another part of the body. Depending on the type of infection, one or more joints may be affected.[1] Certain bacteria can cause a form of infectious arthritis called reactive arthritis, which appears to be caused by…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 3262 Definition Dobrow syndrome is a rare multiple congenital defects/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by variable degrees of bony syngnathia associated with variable additional abnormalities, including growth retardation, intellectual disability, microcephaly, iris coloboma, nystagmus, deafness, and vertebral…

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Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS) is a very rare condition characterized by severe intellectual disability and various physical features. Signs and symptoms may include seizures, short stature, sparse hair, distinctive facial characteristics, short fingers and toes (brachydactyly), and prominent joints in the fingers and toes (interphalangeal joints). Features of the condition can worsen over time. NCBRS is…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 369942 Definition CADDS is a rare, genetic, neurometabolic disease characterized by severe intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, profound neonatal hypotonia, severe global development delay, elevated very long chain fatty acids in plasma, and neonatal…

Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is rare, benign tumor of the craniofacial (skull and face) bones. It is considered a “fibro-osseous neoplasm” because it is characterized by an overgrowth of bone. Affected people generally experience a gradual or rapid, painless expansion of the affected bone or region. Other symptoms such as exophthalmos or nasal blockage can…

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La Crosse (LAC) encephalitis is a mosquito-borne virus that was first described in La Crosse, Wisconsin in 1963. Since then, it has been reported in several Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic states.[1] The LAC virus is one of many mosquito-transmitted viruses that can cause an inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). About 80-100 cases of this condition are…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 34217 Definition A recessively inherited condition with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) and a cutaneous phenotype, characterised by peculiar woolly hair and palmoplantar keratoderma. Epidemiology Naxos was first described in families originating from the Greek…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 300536 Definition DDOST-CDG is a form of congenital disorders of N-linked glycosylation characterized by failure to thrive, developmental delay, hypotonia, strabismus and hepatic dysfunction. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene DDOST (1p36.1)….

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 314667 Definition TMEM165-CDG is a form of congenital disorders of N-linked glycosylation characterized by a psychomotor delay-dysmorphism (pectus carinatum, dorsolumbar kyphosis and severe sinistroconvex scoliosis, short distal phalanges, genua vara, pedes planovalgi syndrome) with postnatal…

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1486 Definition Lethal congenital contracture syndrome type 1 is a rare, genetic arthrogryposis syndrome characterized by total fetal akinesia (detectable since the 13th week of gestation) accompanied by hydrops, micrognathia, pulmonary hypoplasia, pterygia and multiple…

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 1377 Definition Cataract-microcornea syndrome is characterized by the association of congenital cataract and microcornea without any other systemic anomaly or dysmorphism. Epidemiology To date, more than 15 families showing microcornea-cataract syndrome have been described. Clinical…

Levator syndrome is characterized by sporadic pain in the rectum caused by spasm of a muscle near the anus (the levator ani muscle). The muscle spasm causes pain that typically is not related to defecation. The pain usually lasts less than 20 minutes. Pain may be brief and intense or a vague ache high in…

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Majeed syndrome is characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and inflammation in the bones and skin. The two main features of this condition are chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA). CRMO causes recurrent episodes of pain and joint swelling which can lead to complications such as slow growth and the development…

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Malakoplakia is a rare chronic inflammatory disease. It most commonly involves the urogenital system (reproductive organs and urinary system), but may also be found in other regions of the body, including the pelvis, bones, lungs, thyroid gland, gastrointestinal (digestive) tract, skin, and kidneys. Symptoms of malakoplakia differ depending on the involved area. For example, when…

Congenital insensitivity to pain is a condition, present from birth, that inhibits the ability to perceive physical pain. Affected individuals are unable to feel pain in any part of their body. Over time, this lack of pain awareness can lead to an accumulation of injuries and health issues that may affect life expectancy.[1] Congenital insensitivity…

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Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare, inherited syndrome that affects the nervous system and skin (a neurocutaneous syndrome). MRS may be characterized by three main features: recurrent facial nerve palsy, episodes of swelling of the face and lips, and fissuring of the tongue (formation of deep grooves). The majority of people with MRS only have one or…

Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) is a genetic condition characterized by a specific brain malformation (lissencephaly); distinctive facial features; and severe neurologic abnormalities including intellectual disability and seizures. Very few affected children survive beyond childhood.[1][2] MDS is caused by a deletion (missing piece) of genetic material on the short arm of chromosome 17 (17p).[2] Most cases are not inherited and occur randomly….

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 86850 Definition Myeloid sarcoma is a rare solid tumor of the myelogenous cells occurring in an extramedullary site. Epidemiology The exact prevalence is unknown. Clinical description The clinical presentation depends on the site of involvement….

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The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Orpha Number: 2172 Definition This syndrome is characterised by intellectual deficit, marfanoid habitus, microcephaly, and glomerulonephritis. Epidemiology It has been described in two sisters. Genetic counseling The mode of inheritance is likely to be autosomal recessive. Visit…

Chromosome 16p13.3 duplication is a chromosome abnormality that can affect many parts of the body. People with this condition have an extra piece of genetic material (duplication) on chromosome 16 at a location designated p13.3. The symptoms and severity vary from person to person because not everyone with a 16p13.3 duplication has the same amount of…

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